Este 16 de marzo, la reforma laboral del Gobierno del presidente Gustavo Petro, que fue liderada por la ministra de Trabajo, Gloria Ines Ramírez, llegó al Congreso de la República sin grandes cambios, esto a pesar de la discusión que se dio por tres día en la Comisión Permanente de Políticas Laborales y Salariales entre gremios, sindicatos y el Gobierno Nacional.
El proyecto pretende modificar el Código Sustantivo de Trabajo, y en especial tres aspectos relacionados con la igualdad de oportunidades para los trabajadores, protección de los derechos individuales y la protección del derecho colectivo con relación a las garantías sindicales.
Esta reforma propone que la jornada nocturna empiece desde las 6 p.m. y no desde las 9:00 de la noche como opera actualmente. De igual manera, que los recargos dominicales sean del 100% y no del 75% como está actualmente.
El proyecto de reforma también busca fomentar la formalización en sectores como plataformas, trabajo doméstico y trabajo rural.
En medio de su discurso, la ministra del Trabajo, Gloria Inés Ramírez, señaló que el texto a la reforma laboral en Colombia se hizo bajo las directrices del presidente de la República, Gustavo Petro, y la vicepresidenta Francia Márquez, bajo la consigna de mejorar la calidad de vida de todos los colombianos.
“Escuchamos también a los representantes de los gobiernos de México, España, Chile y de Argentina, lo cual nos permitió conocer desde el derecho comparado experiencias jurídicas en torno a la reforma laboral y legal adelantada en eso países”, agregó.
Según la ministra Ramírez, la reforma le permitirá al país dar cumplimiento a la agenda de derechos que se deriva de los órganos de control de la OIT. Agregando que la forma de contratación general en el país será el contrato a término indefinido sin desconocer las otras modalidades de contratación.
Asimismo, indicó que “hoy podemos decir con certeza, que tenemos la más ambiciosa reforma laboral del presente siglo, con orgullo puedo decir que nuestro enfoque dialogante se identifica con claridad en el proyecto de ley que hoy radicamos”.
Finalmente, la ministra de Trabajo dejó claro que el principio y la libertad de empresa están garantizados.
Por su parte, el ministro del Interior, Alfonso Prada, aseguró en medio de su intervención que “estamos dando un complemento necesario para los trabajadores del campo. Es evolucionar el derecho laboral en lo que significa el trabajo en la ruralidad”.
En esa misma línea, indicó que otro de los objetivos de la reforma es reducir las brechas de género, “Colombia ha tenido discriminación a la mujer en materia laboral y en materia de derechos, señalar un mismo tratamiento en materia salarial e incorporar los conceptos que dignifican la existencia de la humanidad de la mujer”.
Según Prada, hay que evitar de manera seria el quiebre de las organizaciones de trabajadores en Colombia, “el proyecto se pone a la altura de la legislación de la OCDE, la modernizamos en materia penal”.
Para finalizar, el ministro del Interior resaltó que esta reforma busca “garantizar la eficacia de los derechos constitucionales como principios que orientan el derecho laboral en Colombia, y en el marco de estos objetivos vamos a modernizar la legislación
El presidente Gustavo Petro aseguró que este proyecto presenta “un capítulo mundial para Colombia para la dignificación del trabajo, aquí en Colombia desde la Ley 50 y las demás leyes que se han creado en estos últimos años, terminamos con la menor productividad de los países de la OCDE y terminamos en un sistema en donde el acoso sexual y laboral se volvió cuestión de todos los días”.
Agregando que “este proyecto debe permitir, si se aprueba por el Congreso e inicia su trámite allí, que cese el acoso sexual y laboral en el país, debe permitir que el salario real pueda crecer en Colombia para que pueda industrializarse el país, debe permitir que la gente pueda ser más feliz en esta sociedad. Debe permitir que se pueda organizar el cuerpo de trabajadores y trabajadoras para discutir de tú a tú con el mundo empresarial”.
Por último, resaltó que “este Gobierno puede cambiar los pilares en donde se ha fundamentado la violencia, para construir los pilares en donde se pueda construir la democracia, la paz y justicia social, es decir, una Colombia que sea potencia mundial de la vida”.
Ingresando en materia en lo que se dejó en la reforma, se encuentra:
El trabajo diurno será el que un trabajador ejerza en el periodo de entre las 6:00 a.m. y 6:00 p.m.; así mismo, el trabajo nocturno se fija entre el horario de las 6:00 p.m. y 6:00 a.m.
En este punto el Ministerio del Trabajo aseguró que una de las principales ideas de la reforma laboral es recuperar el verdadero pago que se le tiene que hacer a un trabajador cuando desempeña laborales en la noche, el cual por diferentes medidas adoptadas en el pasado se ha ido deteriorando, generando solo pérdidas para los empleados colombianos.
La ministra Ramírez, así mismo confirmó que con la reforma se buscará que el campo colombiano y sus trabajadores entren en la formalización, teniendo en cuenta que en la actualidad la informalidad en ese sector ronda el 86% pero que con la propuesta de contrato especial de trabajo agropecuario se espera que alrededor de 1.493.000 ocupados se beneficiarán con acceso a derechos laborales que permitirá cubrir el pago de seguridad social y prestaciones acordes con los tiempos de trabajo que destine realmente, buscando trabajo decente y digno.
Se anunció, que se propuso crear un contrato para los trabajadores y trabajadoras en empresas de plataformas tecnológicas de trabajo de reparto, con esa iniciativa quienes tengan esta labor tendrán acceso a derechos laborales, lo cual se estima terminaría beneficiando a unos 100 mil ciudadanos. Para este punto la ministra Ramírez, manifestó que se necesitará del compromiso del empresariado para encontrar equilibrio en dichas relaciones labores, agregando “que la competencia por la entrega de un domicilio no puede ser la razón para arriesgar la vida en las calles”.
Por el lado de los contratos a término fijo, la reforma propone que se puedan celebrar contratos de trabajo a término fijo por un término superior a un mes y hasta por dos años para atender necesidades temporales del empleador, así mismo, dichos contratos tendrían que celebrarse por escrito y se deberá especificar la necesidad temporal que se pretende atender y su conexión con la duración que se establezca.
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