El estado de las vías en Colombia parece ser un factor de influencia para la incidencia en costos de transporte de carga. Recientemente, se registró una tendencia al alza de los costos del transporte de carga terrestre por kilómetro y tonelada. Estos se registran en diversos departamentos del país y, así mismo, varían dependiendo del estado de las vías de cada región, según un informe del Centro de Estudios para la Competitividad Regional (Score) de la Universidad del Rosario.
“Este hallazgo conlleva una recomendación clara: la inversión en mejoras de la infraestructura vial podría ser una estrategia efectiva para reducir los costos de transporte y mejorar la eficiencia logística a nivel departamental”, señaló Alejandro Cheyne, rector de la Universidad del Rosario.
La información de 2022 evidencia un incremento progresivo en los costos de transporte por kilómetro y tonelada. Risaralda encabeza la lista con un costo medio de $696,5, siendo el más elevado. Le siguen Quindío y Chocó. Mientras tanto, La Guajira presenta el costo más reducido con $174,3.
La evolución histórica de los costos de carga de transporte de 2015 a 2022, muestra una tendencia uniforme en todos los departamentos. Caldas y Córdoba sobresalen por sus marcados crecimientos interanuales en costos, con incrementos de 20,8% y 17,24 %, respectivamente. En contraste, Magdalena y Caquetá presentan los menores aumentos interanuales, con tasas de crecimiento de 9,77% y 9,55%.
“Estos hallazgos evidencian la urgencia de diseñar políticas que regulen las disparidades en los incrementos de los costos de transporte. Es preciso identificar y replicar las prácticas exitosas de los departamentos con menores incrementos interanuales en otros territorios del país”, comentó Cheyne. Antioquia ha registrado un incremento notable en la participación de carga, pasando de 14,63% en 2015 a 15,66% en 2022. Este crecimiento implica una optimización efectiva de la red de transporte y las políticas de logística de carga.
Boyacá y Meta, por su parte, registraron una baja en su participación, con descensos de 0,82% y 0,46%, respectivamente, dicen en el informe. Departamentos como Cundinamarca y Santander han mantenido una participación relativamente estable en la carga movilizada.
El caso atípico de Casanare y su baja participación en transporte de carga
A pesar de los costos elevados, la carga transportada desde Casanare hacia Huila y Meta es relativamente baja. En contraste, el flujo de carga hacia Atlántico, Risaralda, Cauca, Valle del Cauca y La Guajira es alto, pero con costos de transporte significativamente más bajos. “Casanare, con Huila y con Meta, son espacialmente cercanos, lo que implica que hay una desconexión con los productos que están enviando desde Casanare hacia los departamentos. Aquí tenemos un riesgo y es la diversidad del origen de carga”, explica Daniel Torralba, investigador.
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