Otra de las llamadas reformas sociales del Gobierno de Gustavo Petro prende motores. Y por partida doble con la educación en toda su extensión: de preescolar a la universidad. Fue una de las que el presidente anunció el mes pasado en un discurso ante sus seguidores en las calles, y estará en las manos de la ministra Aurora Vergara (y, obvio, de su colega en la arena política, Luis Fernando Velasco).
Los objetivos de esta reforma se condensarán en dos proyectos: una ley estatutaria (que requiere ocho debates para su aprobación y una votación especial) y otra ley ordinaria (que necesita cuatro debates y una votación mínima). La primera busca regular el derecho fundamental a la educación; la segunda, reformar la Ley 30 de 1992, que organiza la educación superior.
El objetivo es que la educación sea un derecho fundamental desde el prejardín al pregrado universitario. Lo que implica que todos estos niveles deberán ser garantizados por el Estado a los ciudadanos que quieran acceder.
El costo de volverlo un derecho
Como todo en la vida, la educación cuesta. Y los cambios a la Ley 30 no son la excepción. Los cálculos entregados por el Ministerio de Educación refieren que el impacto fiscal del cambio del esquema de transferencias (giro de recursos) a las universidades públicas sería de $1,1 billones en 2024, de $2,1 billones en 2025 y de $3,4 billones en 2026.
Según la Ley 30, las universidades públicas se financian por medio de transferencias del Estado y de los ingresos propios generados por la institución, mientras que las privadas lo hacen con las matrículas y los ingresos propios.
En el caso de las primeras, la cantidad de recursos que se les giran dependen de “criterios de calidad, producción intelectual y cupos, y normalmente las tradicionales se llevan más del 50 % de los que distribuye el Estado”, según el exministro de Hacienda, José Manuel Restrepo.
Solo en 2020 –último año del que hay registro de transferencias en la página del Ministerio de Educación–, a la Universidad Nacional le llegó el 31% del total de las transferencias: $610.127 millones de $1,96 billones. Es decir, de cada $10.000, $3.000 fueron para la “Nacho”.
Aunque es loable y hasta popular el cometido de garantizar educación universal, el gran interrogante son los fondos para hacerlo. Así lo sostuvo el experto en políticas públicas en educación de la Universidad Javeriana, Andrés Mora, al mencionar que uno de los retos es “el visto bueno del Ministerio de Hacienda que debe emitir un concepto de cuánto va a costar”, pues hasta ahora va “en un marco de buenas intenciones”.
En esa vía –si bien no hay una medida para indicar cuánto le cuesta al Estado un estudiante en una pública–, Mora señala que puede rondar desde los $15 millones en instituciones con más profesores de planta y carreras costosas, hasta los $3,5 y $4 millones si son carreras técnicas.
¿Derecho que puede tutelarse?
Y como la educación deberá ser garantizada por el Estado, esto se traduciría en que un joven que se gradúe de bachiller y quiera entrar a la universidad, pero no tenga los recursos, podría poner una tutela para que se le garantice el acceso a la universidad.
“Sería un derecho de obligatorio cumplimiento que se daría de manera progresiva (que beneficie principalmente a las personas de bajos recursos) y el Estado tendría un compromiso más claro que todos los jóvenes podrían exigir”, agregó el profesor Mora.
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Ante esto, el exministro Restrepo advirtió que para garantizar “el acceso, entrada y permanencia, también tendrían que cambiarse los modelos de admisión y retención que tienen”.
Lo concreto es que esta reforma sigue en construcción y aún no hay fecha de radicación en el Congreso, en donde tendrá, como lo augura José Manuel Restrepo, “una tarea nada sencilla para conseguir respaldo político”. Aunque hay un buen indicador: la ministra Aurora Vergara afirma que no tiene “líneas rojas” y quiere llegar a la radicación con todos los actores de la educación “juntos”.
¿Habrá grado 12 en el colegio?
El proyecto de ley estatutaria para hacer de la educación un derecho establece en su artículo 16 que “el Estado consolidará un sistema de articulación entre la educación media y superior que propenda por el acceso progresivo a esta última, lo que podría incluir el grado duodécimo”. Ante esto, el viceministro de Educación preescolar, básica y media, Óscar Sánchez, aseguró que “nadie ha dicho que el bachillerato vaya a dejar de terminar en grado 11”, por lo cual no se puede asumir que “se va a extender un año más, porque no es así”.
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